Is the patient shocked?
Cool & clammy to touch (especially nose, toes, fingers) ↓capillary refill.
Pulse >100bpm.
JVP <1cm H2O.
Systolic BP <100mmHg.
Postural drop (>20mmHg on standing).
Urine output <30mL/h.
If not shocked:
Insert 2 big cannulae; start slow saline IVI to keep lines patent; check bloods and monitor vital signs + urine output.
Aim to keep Hb >8g/dL.
NB: Hb may not fall until circulating volume is restored.
If shocked:
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